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Stable isotopics#
Atomic number | Element name | Element symbol | Isotopic composition |
1 | Hydrogen | H | 1H (99.985%) 2H (0.015%) 3H (trace amount) |
2 | Helium | He | 3He (0.000137%) 4He (99.999863%) |
3 | Lithium | Li | 6Li (7.5%) 7Li (92.5%) |
4 | Beryllium | Be | 9Be (~100%) 10Be (trace amount) |
5 | Boron | B | 10B (19.9%) 11B (80.1%) |
6 | Carbon | C | 12C (98.9%) 13C (1.1%) 14C (trace amount) |
7 | Nitrogen | N | 14N (99.634%) 15N (0.366%) |
8 | Oxygen | O | 16O (99.762%) 17O (0.038%) 18O (0.2%) |
9 | Fluorine | F | 19F (100%) |
10 | Neon | Ne | 20Ne (90.48%) 21Ne (0.27%) 22Ne (9.25%) |
11 | Sodium | Na | 23Na (100%) |
12 | Magnesium | Mg | 24Mg (78.9%) 25Mg (10%) 26Mg (11.01%) |
13 | Aluminium | Al | 27Al (100%) |
14 | Silicon | Si | 28Si (92.23%) 29Si (4.67%) 30Si (3.1%) |
15 | Phosphorous | P | 31P (100%) |
16 | Sulfur | S | 32S (95%) 33S (0.75%) 34S (4.2%) 36S (0.017%) |
17 | Chlorine | Cl | 35Cl (75.77%) 37Cl (24.23%) |
18 | Argon | Ar | 36Ar (0.337%) 38Ar (0.063%) 40Ar (99.6%) |
19 | Potassium | K | 39K (93.2581%) 40K (0.0117%) 41K (6.7302%) |
20 | Calcium | Ca | 40Ca (96.941%) 42Ca (0.647%) 43Ca (0.135%) 44Ca (2.086%) 46Ca (0.004%) 48Ca (0.187%) |
21 | Scandium | Sc | 45Sc (100%) |
22 | Titanium | Ti | 46Ti (8%) 47Ti (7.4%) 48Ti (73.8%) 49Ti (5.5%) 50Ti (5.3%) |
23 | Vanadium | V | 50V (0.25%) 51V (99.75%) |
24 | Chromium | Cr | 50Cr (4.345%) 52Cr (83.789%) 53Cr (9.501%) 54Cr (2.365%) |
25 | Manganese | Mn | 55Mn (100%) |
26 | Iron | Fe | 54Fe (5.8%) 56Fe (91.72%) 57Fe (2.1%) 58Fe (0.28%) |
27 | Cobalt | Co | 59Co (100%) |
28 | Nickel | Ni | 58Ni (68.077%) 60Ni (26.233%) 61Ni (1.14%) 62Ni (3.634%) 64Ni (0.926%) |
29 | Copper | Cu | 63Cu (69.17%) 65Cu (30.83%) |
30 | Zinc | Zn | 64Zn (48.6%) 66Zn (27.9%) 67Zn (4.1%) 68Zn (18.8%) 70Zn (0.6%) |
31 | Gallium | Ga | 69Ga (60.108%) 71Ga (39.892%) |
32 | Germanium | Ge | 70Ge (21.23%) 72Ge (27.66%) 73Ge (7.73%) 74Ge (35.94%) 76Ge (7.44%) |
33 | Arsenic | As | 75As (100%) |
34 | Selenium | Se | 74Se (0.89%) 76Se (9.36%) 77Se (7.63%) 78Se (23.78%) 80Se (49.61%) 82Se (8.73%) |
35 | Bromine | Br | 79Br (50.69%) 81Br (49.31%) |
36 | Krypton | Kr | 78Kr (0.35%) 80Kr (2.25%) 82Kr (11.6%) 83Kr (11.5%) 84Kr (57%) 86Kr (17.3%) |
37 | Rubidium | Rb | 85Rb (72.165%) 87Rb (27.835%) |
38 | Strontium | Sr | 84Sr (0.56%) 86Sr (9.86%) 87Sr (7%) 88Sr (82.58%) |
39 | Yttrium | Y | 89Y (100%) |
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 90Zr (51.45%) 91Zr (11.22%) 92Zr (17.15%) 94Zr (17.38%) 96Zr (2.8%) |
41 | Niobium | Nb | 93Nb (100%) |
42 | Molybdenium | Mo | 92Mo (14.84%) 94Mo (9.25%) 95Mo (15.92%) 96Mo (16.68%) 97Mo (9.55%) 98Mo (24.13%) 100Mo (9.63%) |
43 | Technetium | Tc | No stable isotopes |
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 96Ru (5.52%) 98Ru (1.88%) 99Ru (12.7%) 100Ru (12.6%) 101Ru (17%) 102Ru (13.6%) 104Ru (18.7%) |
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 103Rh (100%) |
46 | Palladium | Pd | 102Pd (1.02%) 104Pd (11.4%) 105Pd (22.33%) 106Pd (27.33%) 107Pd (trace amount) 108Pd (26.46%) 110Pd (11.72%) |
47 | Silver | Ag | 107Ag (51.839%) 109Ag (48.161%) |
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 106Cd (1.22%) 108Cd (0.88%) 110Cd (12.4%) 111Cd (12.8%) 112Cd (14%) 113Cd (12.3%) 114Cd (28.8%) 116Cd (7.6%) |
49 | Indium | In | 113In (4.3%) 115In (95.7%) |
50 | Tin | Sn | 112Sn (0.97%) 114Sn (0.65%) 115Sn (0.34%) 116Sn (14.53%) 117Sn (7.68%) 118Sn (24.23%) 119Sn (8.59%) 120Sn (32.59%) 122Sn (4.63%) 124Sn (5.79%) |
51 | Antimony | Sb | 121Sb (57.36%) 123Sb (42.64%) |
52 | Tellurium | Te | 120Te (0.096%) 122Te (2.603%) 123Te (0.908%) 124Te (4.816%) 125Te (7.139%) 126Te (18.95%) 128Te (31.69%) 130Te (33.8%) |
53 | Iodine | I | 127I (~100%) 129I (trace amount) |
54 | Xenon | Xe | 124Xe (0.1%) 126Xe (0.09%) 128Xe (1.91%) 129Xe (26.4%) 130Xe (4.1%) 131Xe (21.2%) 132Xe (26.9%) 134Xe (10.4%) 136Xe (8.9%) |
55 | Cesium | Cs | 133Cs (100%) |
56 | Barium | Ba | 130Ba (0.106%) 132Ba (0.101%) 134Ba (2.417%) 135Ba (6.592%) 136Ba (7.854%) 137Ba (11.23%) 138Ba (71.7%) |
57 | Lanthanum | La | 138La (0.0902%) 139La (99.9098%) |
58 | Cerium | Ce | 136Ce (0.19%) 138Ce (0.25%) 140Ce (88.45%) 142Ce (11.11%) |
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | 141Pr (100%) |
60 | Neodymium | Nd | 142Nd (27.13%) 143Nd (12.18%) 144Nd (23.8%) 145Nd (8.3%) 146Nd (17.19%) 148Nd (5.76%) 150Nd (5.64%) |
61 | Promethium | Pm | 147Pm (trace amount) |
62 | Samarium | Sm | 144Sm (3.07%) 147Sm (14.99%) 148Sm (11.24%) 149Sm (13.82%) 150Sm (7.38%) 152Sm (26.75%) 154Sm (22.75%) |
63 | Europium | Eu | 151Eu (47.8%) 153Eu (52.2%) |
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | 152Gd (0.2%) 154Gd (2.18%) 155Gd (14.8%) 156Gd (20.47%) 157Gd (15.65%) 158Gd (24.84%) 160Gd (21.28%) |
65 | Terbium | Tb | 159Tb (100%) |
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | 156Dy (0.06%) 158Dy (0.1%) 160Dy (2.34%) 161Dy (18.91%) 162Dy (25.51%) 163Dy (24.9%) 164Dy (28.18%) |
67 | Holmium | Ho | 165Ho (100%) |
68 | Erbium | Er | 162Er (0.14%) 164Er (1.61%) 166Er (33.6%) 167Er (22.95%) 168Er (26.8%) 170Er (14.9%) |
69 | Thulium | Tm | 169Tm (100%) |
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | 168Yb (0.13%) 170Yb (3.05%) 171Yb (14.3%) 172Yb (21.9%) 173Yb (16.12%) 174Yb (31.8%) 176Yb (12.7%) |
71 | Lutetium | Lu | 175Lu (97.41%) 176Lu (2.59%) |
72 | Hafnium | Hf | 174Hf (0.162%) 176Hf (5.206%) 177Hf (18.606%) 178Hf (27.297%) 179Hf (13.629%) 180Hf (35.1%) |
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 180Ta (0.012%) 181Ta (99.998%) |
74 | Tungsten | W | 180W (0.13%) 182W (26.3%) 183W (14.3%) 184W (30.67%) 186W (28.6%) |
75 | Rhenium | Re | 185Re (37.4%) 187Re (62.6%) |
76 | Osmium | Os | 184Os (0.02%) 186Os (1.59%) 187Os (1.96%) 188Os (13.24%) 189Os (16.15%) 190Os (26.26%) 192Os (40.78%) |
77 | Iridium | Ir | 191Ir (37.3%) 193Ir (62.7%) |
78 | Platinum | Pt | 192Pt (0.79%) 194Pt (32.9%) 195Pt (33.81%) 196Pt (25.3%) 198Pt (7.2%) |
79 | Gold | Au | 197Au (100%) |
80 | Mercury | Hg | 196Hg (0.15%) 198Hg (9.97%) 199Hg (16.87%) 200Hg (23.1%) 201Hg (13.18%) 202Hg (29.86%) 204Hg (6.87%) |
81 | Thalium | Tl | 203Tl (29.524%) 205Tl (70.476%) |
82 | Lead | Pb | 204Pb (1.4%) 206Pb (24.1%) 207Pb (22.1%) 208Pb (52.4%) |
83 | Bismuth | Bi | 209Bi (100%) |
84 | Polonium | Po | 210Po (trace amount) |
85 | Astatine | At | No stable isotopes |
86 | Radon | Rn | 222Rn (100%) |
87 | Francium | Fr | 223Fr (trace amount) |
88 | Radium | Ra | 226Ra (trace amount) |
89 | Actinium | Ac | 227Ac (100%) |
90 | Thorium | Th | 227Th (trace amount) 228Th (trace amount) 230Th (trace amount) 231Th (trace amount) 232Th (~100%) 234Th (trace amount) |
91 | Protactinium | Pa | 231Pa (100%) |
92 | Uranium | U | 234U (0.006%) 235U (0.72%) 238U (99.275%) |
93 | Neptunium | Np | No stable isotopes |
94 | Plutonium | Pu | 239Pu (trace amount) 244Pu (trace amount) |
95 | Americium | Am | No stable isotopes |
96 | Curium | Cm | No stable isotopes |
97 | Berkelium | Bk | No stable isotopes |
98 | Californium | Cf | No stable isotopes |
99 | Einsteinium | Es | No stable isotopes |
100 | Fermium | Fm | No stable isotopes |
101 | Mendelevium | Md | No stable isotopes |
102 | Nobelium | No | No stable isotopes |
103 | Lawrencium | Lr | No data |
104 | Rutherfordium | Rf | No data |
Some facts#
- ⓘ Remember: Isotopes are varieties of the same chemical element differing by mass number.
- The atoms of two different isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
- The number of protons (atomic number) for two different isotopes is identical. For this reason, it is still the same chemical element.
- Isotopes can be divided into two groups due to their stability: stable and unstable (otherwise known as radioactive).
- The percentage composition of stable isotopes is constant and specific for a given element.
- ⓘ Example: There are three isotopes of oxygen in nature in the following percentages:
- 16O - 99.762%,
- 17O - 0.038%,
- 18O - 0.2%
- 16O - 99.762%,
- The existence of isotopes is the main reason why the average atomic mass of elements is not an integer number.
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