Tables show length of chemical bonds in selected molecules.

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Unit (bond lengths)
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alcohols#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
ethanol	C₂H₅OH	C-C : 151.2 pm C-O : 143.1 pm O-H : 97.1 pm C-H : 110 pm
methanol	CH₃OH	C-H : 109.4 pm C-O : 142.5 pm O-H : 94.5 pm

liquids#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
ethanol	C₂H₅OH	C-C : 151.2 pm C-O : 143.1 pm O-H : 97.1 pm C-H : 110 pm
water 20°C	H₂O	O-H : 95.75 pm
cyclohexane	C₆H₁₂	C-H : 111.9 pm C-C : 153.6 pm
bromine fluoride	BF₃	B-F : 131.3 pm
methanol	CH₃OH	C-H : 109.4 pm C-O : 142.5 pm O-H : 94.5 pm
phenol	C₆H₅OH	C-C : 139.7 pm C-O : 136.4 pm O-H : 95.6 pm C-H : 108.2 pm
formic acid	HCOOH	C=O : 120.2 pm C-O : 134.3 pm C-H : 109.7 pm O-H : 97.2 pm
methylamine	CH₃NH₂	N-H : 101 pm C-H : 109.9 pm C-N : 147.1 pm
phenylamine (aniline)	C₆H₅NH₂	C-C : 139.2 pm N-H : 99.8 pm C-N : 143.1 pm
decalin	C₁₀H₁₈	C-C : 153 pm C-H : 111.3 pm
benzene	C₆H₆	C-C : 139.9 pm C-H : 110.1 pm
toluene	C₆H₅CH₃	C-C : 139.9 pm C-CH3 : 152.4 pm C-H : 111 pm
chloroform	CHCl₃	C-H : 110 pm C-Cl : 175.8 pm
bromoform	CHBr₃	C-Br : 192.4 pm C-H : 111 pm
chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	C-H : 108.3 pm C-Cl : 173.7 pm C-C : 140 pm
2-chloroetanol	ClCH₂CHOH	C-Cl : 180.1 pm C-H : 109.3 pm O-H : 103.3 pm
tetrachloromethane	CCl₄	C-Cl : 176.7 pm
freon-11	CCl₃F	C-Cl : 175.4 pm
tetrabromomethane	CBr₄	C-Br : 193.5 pm
hydrogen peroxide	H₂O₂	O-O : 147.5 pm
phosphorus trichloride	PCl₃	P-Cl : 203.9 pm
acetaldehyde	CH₃CHO	C-C : 151.5 pm C=O : 121 pm H-CH2 : 110.7 pm H-CO : 112.8 pm C-C : 151.5 pm

other inorganic#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
ammonia	NH₃	N-H : 101.2 pm
bromine fluoride	BF₃	B-F : 131.3 pm
phosphorus trichloride	PCl₃	P-Cl : 203.9 pm
phosphine	PH₃	P-H : 142 pm
white phosphorus	P₄	P-P : 221 pm
sulfur	S₂	S=S : 188.92 pm
sulfur	S₈	S-S : 207 pm
selenium	Se₂	Se=Se : 216.6 pm

gases#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
ammonia	NH₃	N-H : 101.2 pm
methane	CH₄	C-H : 108.7 pm
nitrogen	N₂	N≡N : 109.77 pm
carbon dioxide	CO₂	C=O : 116 pm
sulfur (II) oxide	SO	S=O : 148.11 pm
xenon) oxide	XeO₄	Xe=O : 173.6 pm
dichlorine monoxide	Cl₂O	Cl-O : 169.59 pm
hydrogen chloride	HCl	H-Cl : 127.46 pm
hydrogen cyanide	HCN	H-CN : 106.55 pm
hydrogen fluoride	HF	H-F : 91.69 pm
hydrogen jodide	HI	H-I : 160.9 pm
hydrogen sulfuride	H₂S	H-S : 133.56 pm
ethane	C₂H₆	C-C : 153.5 pm C-H : 109.4 pm
n-buthane	C₄H₁₀	C-C : 153.1 pm C-H : 111.7 pm
cyclobutane	C₄H₈	C-H : 111.3 pm C-C : 155.5 pm
trans-but-2-en	CH₃CHCHCH₃	C-C : 150.8 pm C=C : 134.6 pm
butan-1,3-diene	CH₂CHCHCH₂	C-C : 146.7 pm C=C : 134.9 pm C-H : 110.8 pm
but-2-yne	CH₃CCCH₃	C-C : 146.8 pm C≡C : 121.4 pm C-H : 111.6 pm
ethene (ethylene)	C₂H₄	C=C : 133.9 pm C-H : 108.7 pm
ethyne	C₂H₂	C-H : 106 pm C≡C : 120.3 pm
chloroethyne	CHCCl	C-H : 105.5 pm C-Cl : 163.7 pm C≡C : 120.3 pm
nitrogen (II) oxide	NO	N=O : 115.06 pm
phosphine	PH₃	P-H : 142 pm
sulfur (IV) oxide	SO₂	S=O : 143.08 pm
sulfur (VI) oxide	SO₃	S=O : 141.98 pm
chlorine	Cl₂	Cl-Cl : 198.78 pm
hydrogen	H₂	H-H : 74.114 pm
oxygen	O₂	O=O : 120.74 pm

hydrocarbons#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
methane	CH₄	C-H : 108.7 pm
cyclohexane	C₆H₁₂	C-H : 111.9 pm C-C : 153.6 pm
ethane	C₂H₆	C-C : 153.5 pm C-H : 109.4 pm
n-buthane	C₄H₁₀	C-C : 153.1 pm C-H : 111.7 pm
cyclobutane	C₄H₈	C-H : 111.3 pm C-C : 155.5 pm
decalin	C₁₀H₁₈	C-C : 153 pm C-H : 111.3 pm
trans-but-2-en	CH₃CHCHCH₃	C-C : 150.8 pm C=C : 134.6 pm
butan-1,3-diene	CH₂CHCHCH₂	C-C : 146.7 pm C=C : 134.9 pm C-H : 110.8 pm
but-2-yne	CH₃CCCH₃	C-C : 146.8 pm C≡C : 121.4 pm C-H : 111.6 pm
ethene (ethylene)	C₂H₄	C=C : 133.9 pm C-H : 108.7 pm
ethyne	C₂H₂	C-H : 106 pm C≡C : 120.3 pm
benzene	C₆H₆	C-C : 139.9 pm C-H : 110.1 pm
toluene	C₆H₅CH₃	C-C : 139.9 pm C-CH3 : 152.4 pm C-H : 111 pm

oxides#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
carbon dioxide	CO₂	C=O : 116 pm
sulfur (II) oxide	SO	S=O : 148.11 pm
xenon) oxide	XeO₄	Xe=O : 173.6 pm
strontium oxide	SrO	Sr=O : 191.98 pm
carbon monoxide	CO	C=O : 112.83 pm
dichlorine monoxide	Cl₂O	Cl-O : 169.59 pm
hydrogen peroxide	H₂O₂	O-O : 147.5 pm
nitrogen (II) oxide	NO	N=O : 115.06 pm
sulfur (IV) oxide	SO₂	S=O : 143.08 pm
sulfur (VI) oxide	SO₃	S=O : 141.98 pm
barium oxide	BaO	Ba-O : 193.97 pm

salts#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
arsenic chloride	AsCl₃	As-Cl : 216.5 pm
potassium bromide	KBr	K-Br : 282.08 pm
potassium chloride	KCl	K-Cl : 266.67 pm
silver bromide	AgBr	Ag-Br : 239.31 pm
silver fluoride	AgF	Ag-F : 198.32 pm
silver chloride	AgCl	Ag-Cl : 228.08 pm
bismuth (III) chloride	BiCl₃	Bi-Cl : 242.3 pm
germanium chloride	GeCl₄	Ge-Cl : 211.3 pm
tin (IV) chloride	SnCl₄	Sn-Cl : 228 pm
zirconium (IV) chloride	ZrCl₄	Zr-Cl : 232 pm
ammonium chloride	NH₄Cl	N-H : 122 pm
sodium chloride	NaCl	Na-Cl : 236.09 pm
sodium bromide	NaBr	Na-Br : 250.2 pm
sodium iodide	NaI	Na-I : 271.15 pm

hydrides#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
arsenic hydride	AsH₃	As-H : 151.1 pm
potassium hydride	KH	K-H : 224.4 pm
silver hydride	AgH	Ag-H : 161.7 pm
cesium hydride	CsH	Cs-H : 249.38 pm
silicon hydride (silan)	SiH₄	Si-H : 147.98 pm

inorganic acids#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
hydrogen bromide	HBr	H-Br : 141.45 pm
hydrogen chloride	HCl	H-Cl : 127.46 pm
hydrogen cyanide	HCN	H-CN : 106.55 pm
hydrogen fluoride	HF	H-F : 91.69 pm
hydrogen jodide	HI	H-I : 160.9 pm
hydrogen sulfuride	H₂S	H-S : 133.56 pm
nitrous (III) acid	HNO₂	N-O : 143.2 pm
nitrous (V) acid	HNO₃	O-H : 141 pm

phenols#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
phenol	C₆H₅OH	C-C : 139.7 pm C-O : 136.4 pm O-H : 95.6 pm C-H : 108.2 pm

carboxylic acids#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
formic acid	HCOOH	C=O : 120.2 pm C-O : 134.3 pm C-H : 109.7 pm O-H : 97.2 pm

amines#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
methylamine	CH₃NH₂	N-H : 101 pm C-H : 109.9 pm C-N : 147.1 pm
phenylamine (aniline)	C₆H₅NH₂	C-C : 139.2 pm N-H : 99.8 pm C-N : 143.1 pm

other organic#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
chloroform	CHCl₃	C-H : 110 pm C-Cl : 175.8 pm
bromoform	CHBr₃	C-Br : 192.4 pm C-H : 111 pm
chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	C-H : 108.3 pm C-Cl : 173.7 pm C-C : 140 pm
2-chloroetanol	ClCH₂CHOH	C-Cl : 180.1 pm C-H : 109.3 pm O-H : 103.3 pm
tetrachloromethane	CCl₄	C-Cl : 176.7 pm
freon-11	CCl₃F	C-Cl : 175.4 pm
freon-13	CClF₃	C-Cl : 175.2 pm
tetrabromomethane	CBr₄	C-Br : 193.5 pm
chloroethyne	CHCCl	C-H : 105.5 pm C-Cl : 163.7 pm C≡C : 120.3 pm
oxiran	(CH₂CH₂)O	C-C : 146.6 pm C-H : 108.5 pm C-O : 143.1 pm
acetaldehyde	CH₃CHO	C-C : 151.5 pm C=O : 121 pm H-CH2 : 110.7 pm H-CO : 112.8 pm C-C : 151.5 pm

hydroxides#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
potassium hydroxide	KOH	O-H : 91 pm

halogens#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
chlorine	Cl₂	Cl-Cl : 198.78 pm

silans#

Substance	Molecular formula	Bond lengths [pm]
silicon hydride (silan)	SiH₄	Si-H : 147.98 pm

Some facts#

When we say about bond length in the molecule we get in mind the distance between atomic nuclei.
In real world, distance beetwen atoms are not constant, because atoms in mocelules are in constant motion. Effectively bonds are in longer-shorter cycle, oscillating around some particular length.
In general, the length of the bonds is a property of a whole molecule. It means, that the distance between the same pair of atoms (e.g., C-H) may vary depending on which compound we are dealing with.
Experimental methods that allow to study the bond lengths in molecules include:
- X-ray diffraction of solids - uses X-ray diffraction during contact with the electron cloud, allows to experimentally determine the structure (geometry) of solids (crystals),
- low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) - is a bombardment of the crystal surface (solid body) with a beam of low energy electrons (20-200 eV) and observation of their diffraction on a fluorescent screen,
- spectroscopic methods - measuring the absorbance (degree of absorption) of electromagnetic waves at a fixed frequency during contact with the test substance.
The lengths of bonds can also be determined theoretically by quantum chemistry methods. These calculations consist in finding the position of atomic nuclei for which potential energy of the whole molecule reaches the minimum. Such a procedure is called geometry optimization.
Mathematical optimization of geometry is searching for the minimum of many variables function:

$E = f(\vec{R1}, \vec{R2}, \vec{R3}, ...)$
where:
- E - energy of a molecule at a given position of atomic nuclei,
- $\vec{R_i}$ - position of i-th atom.
The quality of results obtained during geometry optimization depends on the method of calculating energy in given point. The methods currently used during routine calculations are:
- Hertree-Fock based - solving the Schroedinger equation using a variation method with a test function in the form of one Slater determinant,
- density functional theory (DFT).

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bond_lengths · distance_beetwen_atoms_in_molecules · interatomic_distances

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dlugosci_wiazan · dlugosci_wiazan_chemicznych · dlugosci_wiazan_molekularnych · dlugosci_wiazan_atomowych · odleglosc_miedzy_atomami_w_czasteczkach

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