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Flame test

Chemical element symbol	Chemical element name	Flame color
Li	lithium	red-cherry
Na	sodium	yellow-orange
K	potassium	mauve
Rb	rubidium	pink-red
Cs	cesium	blue-red
Ca	calcium	brick-red
Sr	strontium	crimson
Ba	barium	green-yellow
Ra	radium	carmine-red
Ga	gallium	purple-blue
In	indium	bluish
Tl	tallium	green
B	boron	green
Cu	copper	cyan

Some facts

The compounds of some metals evaporate after introducing them to the flame causing the change of its color (i.e. color of flame).
Atoms during contact with the flame are excited (they absorb energy) and next, they emit the quantum of light during the return to the previous state (relaxation).
The color of a flame is specific to a given element, because it is result of atomic properties.
The wavelength of the emitted light results directly from the difference in energy levels. These levels are specific for a given element.
The relationship between wavelength and transition energy (differing between energy levels) is as follows:

$\lambda = \frac{hc}{\Delta E}$
where:
- $\lambda$ - wavelength of emmited light,
- h - Planck's constant,
- c - speed of light,
- $\Delta E$ - difference between energy levels (energy absorbed during excitation and emitted during relaxation).
Because the color of a flame is specific for a given element, it allows a qualitative analysis, i.e. the identification of whether a given element is in the sample or not (but without specifying the quantity).
ⓘ Example: When we disperse a pinch of table salt (NaCl) over the gas stove burner, we notice that when the salt meets the flame, it changes color to yellow. This is due to the presence of sodium atoms.

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flame_test · flame_color · elements_color_in_flame

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barwa_plomienia · barwienie_plomienia_palnika · zabarwienie_plomienia · kolory_pierwiastkow_w_ogniu

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